What Is Self-Efficacy Definition and Examples

The term self-efficacy refers to an individuals confidence in their ability to complete a task or achieve a goal. The concept was originally developed by Albert Bandura. Today, psychologists contend that our sense of self-efficacy can influence whether we actually succeed at a task. Key Takeaways: Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy refers to the set of beliefs we hold about our ability to complete a particular task.According to psychologist Albert Bandura, the first proponent of the concept, self-efficacy is the product of past experience, observation, persuasion, and emotion.Self-efficacy is linked to academic achievement and the ability to overcome phobias. The Importance of Self-Efficacy According to Bandura, there are two factors that influence whether or not someone engages in a particular behavior: outcome expectancy and self-efficacy. In other words, our ability to achieve a goal or complete a task depends on whether we think we can do it (self-efficacy), and whether we think it will have good results (outcome expectancy). Self-efficacy has important effects on the amount of effort individuals apply to a given task. Someone with high levels of self-efficacy for a given task will be resilient and persistent in the face of setbacks, while someone with low levels of self-efficacy for that task may disengage or avoid the situation. For example, a student who has a lower level of self-efficacy for math might avoid signing up for challenging math classes. Importantly, our level of self-efficacy varies from one domain to the next. For example, you might have high levels of self-efficacy about your ability to navigate your hometown, but have very low levels of self-efficacy about your ability to navigate a foreign city where you do not speak the language. Generally, an individuals level of self-efficacy for one task cannot be used to predict their self-efficacy for another task. How We Develop Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is informed by several main sources of information: personal experience, observation, persuasion, and emotion. Personal Experience When predicting their ability to succeed at a new task, individuals often look to their past experiences with similar tasks. This information generally has a strong effect on our feelings of self-efficacy, which is logical: if youve already done something many times, you’re likely to believe that you can do it again. The personal experience factor also explains why increasing one’s self-efficacy can be difficult. When an individual has low levels of self-efficacy for a certain task, they typically avoid the task, which prevents them from accumulating positive experiences that might eventually build up their confidence. When an individual attempts a new task and succeeds, the experience can build up their confidence, thus producing greater levels of self-efficacy associated with similar tasks. Observation We also make judgments about our own capabilities by watching others. Imagine that you have a friend who is known for being a coach potato, and then that friend successfully runs a marathon. This observation might lead you to believe that you can become a runner too. Researchers have found that our self-efficacy for a given activity is more likely to increase when we see someone else succeed at that activity through hard work, rather than natural ability. For example, if you have low self-efficacy for public speaking, watching a timid person develop the skill may help increase your own confidence. Watching a naturally charismatic and outgoing person give a speech is less likely to have the same effect. Observing others is more likely to affect our own self-efficacy when we feel that we are similar to the person we are observing. However, in general, watching other people doesn’t affect our self-efficacy as much as our personal experience with the task. Persuasion Sometimes, other people may try to increase our self-efficacy by offering support and encouragement. However, this type of persuasion does not always have a strong effect on self-efficacy, particularly compared to the effect of personal experience. Emotion Bandura suggested that emotions such as fear and anxiety can undermine our feelings of self-efficacy. For example, you can have high levels of self-efficacy for making small talk and socializing, but if youre really nervous about making a good impression at a particular event, your sense of self-efficacy may decrease. On the other hand, positive emotions can generate greater feelings of self-efficacy. Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control According to psychologist Julian Rotter, self-efficacy is inextricable from the concept of locus of control. Locus of control refers to how an individual determines the causes of events. People with an internal locus of control see events as being caused by their own actions. People with an external locus of control see events as being caused by external forces (e.g. other people or chance circumstances). After succeeding at a task, an individual with an internal locus of control will experience a greater increase in self-efficacy than an individual with an external locus of control. In other words, giving yourself credit for successes (as opposed to claiming that they happened because of factors beyond your control) is more likely to increase your confidence on future tasks. Applications of Self-Efficacy Banduras theory of self-efficacy has numerous applications, including treating phobias, increasing academic achievement, and developing healthy behaviors. Treating Phobias Bandura conducted research related to the role of self-efficacy in treating phobias. In one study, he recruited research participants with a snake phobia into two groups. The first group participated in hands-on activities directly related to their fears, such as holding the snake and allowing the snake to slither on them. The second group observed another person interact with the snake but did not participate in the activities themselves. Afterwards, the participants completed an assessment to determine whether they were still fearful of snakes. Bandura found that the participants who had directly interacted with the snake showed higher self-efficacy and less avoidance, suggesting that personal experience is more effective than observation when it comes to developing self-efficacy and facing our fears. Academic Achievement In a review of the research on self-efficacy and education, Mart van Dinther and his colleagues write that self-efficacy is linked to factors such as the goals students choose for themselves, the strategies they use, and their academic achievement. Healthy Behaviors Health psychologists have found that we are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors when we feel confident in our ability to successfully carry out those behaviors. For example, having higher levels of self-efficacy may help us stick to an exercise routine. Self-efficacy is also a factor that helps people adopt a healthier diet and quit smoking. Sources Bandura, Albert. â€Å"Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.† Psychological Review 84.2 (1977): 191-215. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1977-25733-001Shapiro, David E. â€Å"Pumping Up Your Attitude.† Psychology Today (1997, May 1). https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/199705/pumping-your-attitudeTaylor, Shelley E. Health Psychology. 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2012.Van Dinther, Mart, Filip Dochy, and Mien Segers. â€Å"Factors Affecting Students’ Self-Efficacy in Higher Education.† Educational Research Review 6.2 (2011): 95-108. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1747938X1000045X

An Island Of The Pelicans ( Williams, 2016 ) Essay

Alcatraz was first discovered in 1775 by a spanish explorer, Juan Manuel del Ayala, which he named the Island of the Pelicans (Williams, 2016). Alcatraz is now a national landmark established in the 1930’s. The renowned island located in the bay of San Francisco, California. During the 1930’s crimes and gangs increased in an alarming rate due to the effects of The Great Depression (Williams, 2016). Many crimes and gangs rose also when many laws were passed and put many behind bars (Raaphorst, 71). Donna Raaphorst, author of â€Å"The History Of An Island Prison: From The Development To An American Myth†, states In l932, the Threatening Communications Act and the Kidnapping Act passed. In l933, a new law made it a federal crime to assault or kill a federal officer. The National Firearms Act, the National Bank Robber Act, the Anti-Racketeering Act, the Fugitive Felon Act, and the National Stolen Property Act all passed in l934. Such legislation increased the role of the federal government in crime control (Raaphorst,71). Many notorious criminals were incarcerated and with many attempted to escape, Alcatraz was calling for all inmates who were too hard to handle. There were existing penitentiaries where they had dangerous convicts who wouldn’t abide to the rules and had the continuous mindset to plan an escape (Raaphorst, 2016). The United State’s government realized that something needed to change and formed a different approach of dealing with all the felons. Alcatraz FederalShow MoreRelatedIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesdescribe the method and rate of cost allocation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Furniture and fixtures Tools (each costing less than $500) Printing press used by a publisher of paperback books (purchased after March 18, 2007 and before 2016) Paving of a parking lot Concession licence for a 10-year time period Franchise for an unlimited life Computer application software Computer hardware Customer list Glasses and cutlery used in the operation of a restaurant Sprinkler system in a building

Factors Contributing To The Energy Balance Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The Earth is a physical system working a changeless symbiotic relationship with the Sun in keeping the energy balance. Ideally the planet resides in equilibrium, being that the addition of incoming energy from the Sun is equal to the loss of surpassing energy from the Earth. However, over the past 400 old ages at that place are definite fluctuations in the energy balance due to a figure of human and natural factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Contributing To The Energy Balance Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The top of the ambiance represents the barrier of which most of the energy base on ballss, the composing of the Earth ‘s ambiance plays a critical function in the changing energy budget as semisynthetic pollution and green-house gas emanations alter the sum of energy entrance and go outing the Earth ‘s ambiance. Other more natural factors such as the fluctuation in the Earth ‘s orbit and fluctuations in ocean circulation besides contribute in changing energy budgets. Following this will be a comprehensive rating of how different homo and natural factors contribute to fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the past 400 old ages. components2.gifFigure1 Figure1, taken from the NASA web site, represents a simplified diagram of the how incoming solar energy enters the ambiance and is dispersed on it ‘s journey to the Earth ‘s surface, accordingly how energy is reflected back to the upper ambiance. Table1: Earth ‘s additions and losingss of radiation Earth ‘s Surface Additions Losingss 51 Visible from Sun 7 Conduction, Convection 96 IR from atmosphere 23 Vaporization 117 IR radiation cyberspace: 147 cyberspace: 147 Table1 shows the per centum of the radiation going into and off from the Earth. As shown in the tabular array the net radiation, although equal, do non add up to 100 % and this is because nursery gases trap radiation hence doing the temperature addition. tsi_vs_temp.gifFigure2 Obviously depicted in figure2 the planetary temperature shows a important addition during the early twentieth century. This addition in temperature is frequently related to a widespread happening, which poses a menace to society and the environment, known as planetary heating. Global heating is a human-induced phenomenon that affects the planet in many ways ; in relevancy to this try the chief focal point will center upon how planetary heating influences the energy balance. â€Å" Analyzing the yesteryear can potentially inform our apprehension of what the hereafter may keep, † said Michael Mann, Professor of weather forecasting, Penn State. With that said, many have researched on the addition in planetary heating following a timeline and the consequences were amazing. By the early twentieth century there has been an dismaying addition in planetary temperatures due to an addition of green house gases into the atmosphere chiefly stemming from semisynthetic pollution from auto fumess and mills to call a few wrongdoers. An unnaturally produced chemical CFC ; a end point from human activities such as transit, constructing warming and chilling, the industry of cement and other goods, when released to the ambiance thins the ozone bed leting harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun to come in the ambiance hence by and large increasing the atmospheric temperature. The nursery gasses ; methane, C dioxide, and azotic oxide, which increases in concentrati on due to the combustion of fossil fuels absorb infrared radiation ensuing once more in an addition in temperature, ergo planetary heating partly constitutes in the acute addition in the energy budget showed by the important addition ( figure2 ) in the beginning of the twentieth century. On a more natural note maculas may besides lend in the Earth ‘s changing energy budget. Recent satellite measurings of solar brightness, analyzed by Willson ( 1997 ) show an addition from the old rhythm of macula activity to the current one, bespeaking that the Earth is having more energy from the Sun. Willson predicts that if the current rate of addition of solar irradiance continues in this form until the mid twenty-first century, the surface temperatures will increase by about 0.5i‚ °C. This is little, but non a negligible fraction of the expected nursery warming. A Which in the larger image poses as a factor to the addition in the energy balance. figpredic24-1.jpg Figure3: Showing the sun topographic point activity in given old ages. Bottom diagram with a predicted increased as proposed by Wilson. The Albedo Effect is a polar component in the contemplation and soaking up of radiation, because of this land screen is one finding factor in the energy balance. Since the industrial revolution human activities have altered the nature of land screen around the Earth, chiefly through croplands, grazing lands and woods. These human constructed landforms modify the brooding belongingss of ice and snow, which makes it more likely for an addition in solar radiation to be reflected from the Earth ‘s surface, therefore a negative forcing as an addition of energy is forced out. Earthshine_2004.gifFigure4: Albedo anomalousnesss reconstructed from ISCCP orbiter informations ( black ) andA Earthshine-observed reflective power anomalousnesss ( blue ) . The right manus perpendicular graduated table shows negative radiative forcing ( eg – chilling ) ( Palle 2004 ) . Articles that focus on the overarching scientific discipline precedences of the EOS Terra mission emphasis that when flora is cleared from land surfaces ( such as in deforestation or agricultural combustion ) , the bare surface reflects more sunlight back to infinite and there is a net chilling consequence. But, there is besides a counter productive nursery gas consequence that comes from deforestation and biomass burning-the release of C dioxide, every bit good as riddance of flora that would otherwise absorb C dioxide from the ambiance during photosynthesis. While deforestation/reforestation may take topographic point on one-year to decadal clip graduated tables, the life-time of C dioxide in the ambiance is 50 to more than 100 old ages. Consequently, the solar coefficient of reflection chilling and nursery gas warming due to biomass firing take topographic point at really different clip graduated tables, taking to an initial chilling followed subsequently by a warming tendency. Some human activities may lend in positive radiative forcing for case with aircrafts. Aircrafts produce a relentless additive trail of condensation, which appears as condensation trails that signifier cirrhus clouds of which reflects solar radiation and absorb infrared radiation. Linear condensation trails from planetary aircraft operations have increased Earth ‘s cloud cover and are estimated to do a little positive radiative forcing. Variations of clime over the past 500,000 old ages have been analyzed from fluctuations in the composing of deposits at different deepnesss below the bed of the Indian Ocean. ( Pittock 1978 ) A complementary cause as suggested by Linacre and Geerts ( 2002, 2003 ) might be the fluctuation of Sun/Earth distance ( due to the Earth ‘s orbit ) impacting the Sun ‘s gravitative pull on the swirling of the Earth ‘s liquid, magnetic nucleus. The resulting alterations in the Earth ‘s magnetic attraction would change our ambiance ‘s susceptibleness to the solar air current of charged atoms from the Sun. This change of susceptibleness is necessarily another of course induced factor for the changing energy balance as this gravitative pull occurs in different timeframes. Henrik Svensmark from Danish National Space Institute, says that cosmic radiation may impact cloud formation, which, in bend, affects the Earth ‘s energy balance. Variations in cosmic radiation can be big and rapid. He has analysed in item some events with particularly rapid and big decreases in cosmic radiation, and saw that cloud formation in these events well lessenings, but with a hold of 5-6 yearss. Cosmic radiation at nowadays is remarkably high, and will likely shortly diminish. If the theory is right, this should be followed by decreased cloud formation globally. The planetary temperature should besides diminish, since clouds are considered to hold a greater retarding consequence on the Earth ‘s long moving ridge outward radiation than they have on the incoming short moving ridge radiation. ( Nohrstedt, 2006 ) Therefore making a positive forcing. Aerosol atoms influence radiative forcing straight through contemplation and soaking up of solar and infrared radiation in the ambiance. Some aerosols cause a positive forcing while others cause a negative forcing. The direct radiative forcing summed over all aerosol types is negative. Aerosols besides cause a negative radiative forcing indirectly through the alterations they cause in cloud belongingss. The most dramatic alteration in aerosol-produced coefficient of reflection comes when major volcanic eruptions eject material really high into the ambiance. Rain typically clears aerosols out of the ambiance in a hebdomad or two, but when stuff from a violent volcanic eruption is projected far above the highest cloud, these aerosols typically influence the clime for about a twelvemonth or two before falling into the troposphere and being carried to the surface by precipitation. Major volcanic eruptions can therefore do a bead in average planetary surface temperature of about half a de gree Celsius that can last for months or even old ages. This of class contributing as a natural factor in the changing energy balance as volcanic eruptions occur at different clip periods. Water vapor is the most abundant nursery gas, and is by far the most powerful absorber of infrared radiation. As a consequence it is responsible for most of the Earth ‘s natural nursery consequence. Therefore the addition of planetary heating can non be entirely blamed on human activities, as human emanations are minuscule compared to the vaporization of oceans, which take up about 70 % of the Earth ‘s surface. With an addition in planetary heating leads to an addition in the soaking up of radiation which in bend leads to an addition in the energy budget. Fig_9.2_Temperature_changes_relative_to_the_corresponding_average_for_1901-1950.jpg Figure5: Temperature alterations relative to the corresponding norm for 1901-1950 ( A °C ) from decennary to decennary from 1906 to 2005 over the Earth ‘s continents, every bit good as the full Earth, planetary land country and the planetary ocean ( Beginning: IPCC 2007 ) Therefore in decision the fluctuations in the energy balance of the Earth over the last 400 old ages have seen an addition as contributed by both natural and human factors. Different factors have different impacts on the energy balance as discussed in this essay. The negative and positive radiative forcings have to be taken into history, as properties of the different factors, both human and natural, in order to understand the root of the chemical and physical alterations that modify the radiation transportation entrance and surpassing from the Earth ‘s surface which necessarily leads to a changing energy budget over the past centuries. How to cite Factors Contributing To The Energy Balance Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Learning And Development Globalization

Question: Discuss about theLearning And Development for Globalization. Answer: Introduction Globalization has made the world a smaller place and people from around the world now interact with one other in a much easier and swift fashion. This interaction and sharing of ideas has also led to the sharing of knowledge in a seamless manner which can enrich the personal learning and development of each individual as a professional. All these aspects of learning can be put into several perspectives which have been done in this article. The different aspects talk about how differently the elements in our life can influence us so that we can have an efficient learning experience throughout our life. The different perspectives take into account the organizational structure in which we work and also the local effects of our surroundings. The importance of critical reflective analysis has also been highlighted throughout the article. Several approaches can be implemented for the successful learning and development; few of them have been highlighted in this article. All these aspects w ill be dealt in greater detail in the coming sections of this article(Lee, 2012). Body Professional identity is an important aspect of any person in order to shape his or her future. In our professional career we generally devote most of our time and energy in our work throughout the day; therefore it is extremely important to understand ones identity and capabilities. Every profession demands certain types of skill sets and either one has those skill sets and ability innately within them or needs to work towards gaining them. Most people start their career with certain ambitions without knowing about their actual ability and passion in life. This may land them up ion jobs or profession which is a complete misfit for their identity and personality. This not hurts the career of the concerned person but also reduces the productivity of the person. If the person had been able to involve in more productive occupation it would have polished his desirable skill sets in a more advantageous manner and thereby would have been able to achieve greater success in life. Organizatio ns also spend a lot for the successful training and induction of individuals and developing them into professionals. Because of this wrong job identity alignment there may be situations wherein the organizations investment goes in vain. Therefore it is extremely essential that every individual makes a sincere attempt to identify his or her professional identity and align his education, career, etc. accordingly. This will give a higher job satisfaction for the individual and also more liberty to experiment with the skill sets that he develops. Professional identity therefore is an integral part of any learning and development process. It may act as the stepping stone to further the knowledge and experience of any professional(Knapp, 2010). The learning and development of a professional is ultimately directed towards the greater good of the business or organization of a professional. The motive for any organization to exist is to increase the wealth of the shareholder and therefore ultimately any professional development of the individual employees that take place is directed to achieve that goal. Keeping in perspective this phenomenon, every organization creates a suitable environment for its employees for the appropriate learning and development so that they can add value to their business. This is the initial premise for establishing any learning and development program or plan. Apart from that there are several polices and plans that are developed within the organization which affect the learning and development of the individuals working for the organization. These plans are a wider motive of the organization to create management leaders for the future. Every individual also joins an organization with the expectati on that the company would invest in the professional development and career enhancement of his employees. Accordingly the organization also sets aside resources so that they can be used for the professional development of the employees. Therefore organization and its culture play a significant role in the professional development and learning which is an integral part of any individuals career. Therefore it is justified to mention that organization structure, culture and hierarchy are few of the things which deeply influence the learning process of individuals and therefore companies should strive in those initiatives to shape the career of their employees as well as the future of the organization(Fowler, 2004). This section of the report deals with the smaller details of the organizational learning so that it can provide a detailed roadmap for the learning and development process of the individual. Learning is a subjective matter and therefore varies from person to person which needs to be taken into concern. Learning and development also differs depending on the type of profession in which the people are involved and therefore there is a strong requirement for understanding the professional identity of the person who is the intended audience for the leering and development. In this context the people who frame the development program must understand the needs of the audience and their capability to grasp the knowledge(Orekhov, 2007). Accordingly the program should be framed so that there is maximum effect of the training and development initiative and the people participating in the program can gain the most out of it. There can be course which can be taken by the participants or seminar a nd lectures from professors or industry experts can be organized so that it can be used for the development of the people in concern. Apart from that there can be regular feedbacks from the people with whom the person is working. The feedback should not be necessarily the senior under whom the person is working; it should be taken from every individual who has a stake with the person in concern. This thought process has led to the culture of 360 degree feedback which also involves the subordinates who work under the person. Apart from that there can be a balanced scorecard which can be established in order to judge the performance of the individuals in an organizational context(Boulding, 2002). Balanced scorecards for the performance of organizations are quite well known and have effectively increased the performance of the organizations throughout the world. This concept can also be applied for the betterment of the individual performance of employees and can also contribute toward s the overall training and development of the individuals in the organization. Therefore we can look into some of these innovative techniques for the successful learning and development of an individual keeping in mind the differences that exist among each individual. There can be several approaches for professional development and some of them may be successful for a particular individual while others may not be that much fruitful. However the effectiveness of each of the process needs to be analyzed in detail before jumping onto conclusions. The overall learning approach can be brought under several theoretical frameworks which bolster the efficacy of the process and situation. Learning and development is a strategic goal of any organization or individual and therefore should receive priority while the goal setting opportunity is taken into concern. The frameworks that should be applied for learning and development have been decided after several researches and implementation which in turn incorporates the different innovative methods that can be used for proper implementation of the training and development(Bell, 2012). However it should be kept in mind that these approaches need to be flexible and need to incorporate the individual capabilitie s of the person in concern. In some cases person hand holding may be required for the learning and development of an individual whereas in other case an individual may learn by simply looking at the process or being a part of it. Therefore while some come out to be high achievers others require considerable attention in order to pull them up to the similar level. The training and development approach of the organization should be such that it takes into concern all aspects of theindividual capabilities and no one is left behind in such endeavors. Therefore the approach that is being adapted for imparting learning and development plays an important role in the overall understanding of the process and designing the program(WRAY, 2007). Any learning or development program should have a strong reflective practice which enables any individual or professional to understand the drawbacks or shortcomings in his learning approach. Accordingly the person can direct his or her efforts so that he or she can recover and improve on the weak points while still leveraging the stronger aspects of her professional identity. Reflective practice have become a common phenomenon in every learning and educational practice wherein every participant is asked to look back upon the entire learning process and give his or her ideas about where things went bad and in which sections there are ample opportunity for improvement. This is a constructive process wherein the individual grows in stature by understanding and analyzing critical aspects of his learning methods and the skills that are acquired. This is one of the integral parts of the learning and development process without which it would be incomplete. Reflection is also one of the wa ys to understand the impact learning and development can have on the career growth of an individual. Key performance indicators and milestones can be set for closely monitoring the progress of an individual in the learning and development program which would enable us to understand that if any course correction is required or not. Therefore reflective analysis should be made a mandatory and closing aspect of any learning and development program so that it can add value to the entire learning process(Ausubel, 2009). This report is an attempt to develop a proposal for the professional learning and development keeping in minds certain theoretical perspectives. It makes an attempt to cover all the perspectives of learning and development in a sequential manner. It talks about the different perspectives wherein a person goes through a learning process and impact the people around them. It also puts into perspective how the organizational structure and previous work experience can influence the learning process. The different approaches for learning purpose have also been explained in detail. It talks about the reflective practice in learning and how it can lead to professional learning and development. Professional development programs that have been developed throughout the world have a positive influence on the learning of professionals everywhere and the way it helps in the learning and development have been captured in this report. The different theoretical perspectives have been elaborated in d etail mentioning the contribution of each perspective. At last it is justified to mention that this report makes an attempt to develop a framework for the successful analysis of learning and development of a professional through numerous perspectives which can be emulated for critical analysis of similar other academic purpose. Conclusion This article has dealt in detail about the various aspects of learning and development which explains the step by step process of learning and development which adds value not only to the organization but also to the individual as a whole. Learning has been explained with the help of several perspectives wherein organization culture, hierarchy and other smaller details of the program can impact the overall efficacy of the process. It talks about the different perspectives wherein a person goes through a learning process and impact the people around them. It also puts into perspective how the organizational structure and previous work experience can influence the learning process. The different approaches for learning purpose have also been explained in detail. It talks about the reflective practice in learning and how it can lead to professional learning and development. This proposal for learning and development can act as a good guideline for the benefit of the development programs . At last it is justified to mention that this article made an attempt to develop a structure for the methodical analysis of the learning and development process which can be utilized for similar other academicanalysis. Reference Ausubel, D. P. (2009).Ego-development and the learning process.Child Development,20(4), 173.doi:10.2307/1126228 Bell, A. (2012). El al soars from crisis to success: Top management lead learning process.Development and Learning in Organizations,26(2), 3133. doi:10.1108/14777281211201222 Boulding, J. (2002). Professional development.Adult Learning,3(5), 2929.doi:10.1177/104515959200300515 Fowler, W. (2004). Structural dimensions of the learning process in early reading.Child Development,35(4), 1093.doi:10.2307/1126856 Knapp, R. (2010). Collective (team) learning process models: A conceptual review.Human Resource Development Review,2(1), 121132. doi:10.1177/1534484310371449 Lee, C. D. (2012). Conceptualizing cultural and Racialized process in learning.Human Development,55(5-6), 348355. doi:10.1159/000345326 Orekhov (2007).Development model entrepreneurial thinking in the learning process of managers.Uchenyezapiskiuniversitetaimeni P.F. Lesgafta,4(24), 651662. doi:10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2007.03.25.p47-51 WRAY, S. (2007).Supporting teacher candidates during the electronic portfolio development process.E-Learning,4(4), 454. doi:10.2304/elea.2007.4.4.454