The Concept of Self-Efficacy Essay -- Self Efficacy Essays

The Concept of Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy, for the purpose of this study, may be defined as a person’s optimistic self-belief. This is the belief that a person can develop the skills to perform new or difficult tasks to cope with changes in health and functioning. When a person perceives self-efficacy, it will facilitate goal-setting, effort, investment, persistence, overcoming obstacles and recovery from disappointments and failures. It can be regarded as a positive outlook or proactive way to handle stress factors. It is the ability to successfully cope with health changes, and implies an internal and stable acceptance of changes and ability to successfully adapt to those changes. Perceived self-efficacy is functional in relationship to behavioral change, and health care maintenance or improvement. In health care, the concept of self-efficacy is important in developing effective strategies for health education and interventions. Self-efficacy emerged from theories related to motivation, competence and a feeling of control. Rodgers’ (1993) stated that the â€Å"evolutionary† method of concept analysis is used in clarifying the concept of interest. By following this approach, abstract characteristics of a concept can be identified and grouped for the purpose of developing a clear and useful definition of the concept. Once the concept is defined, a model case can be described to demonstrate the concepts attributes, antecedents, and consequence. A literary search and a grouping of characteristics will be used to process a constant comparative analysis and to refine the data into a clear and concise definition appropriate for our use. The term effectance is used to describe the motivational aspect of competence. The theory of motivation is not solely based on the basic animal instinct of drive. People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they perceive themselves as being able to effect a desired change. As a persons behavior is repeated and actually effects the desired change a person is providing reinforcement of their confidence in their competence at effect the desired change. The person is energized by the concept of self-efficacy and it’s feeling of empowerment. (White, 1959). Empowerment and control are essential to elements to self-efficacy. According to Bandura, early social learning theory of behavioral change... ...s all treatment and continues on the road of self-destruction. These examples show how self-efficacy in the health care field can be a valuable an necessary tool for improving health care, but like most concepts, self-efficacy is only as good as the person willing to practice it. It is not experienced by everyone and is impacted by self-esteem, self-confidence and many other variables. References Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84, pp191-215. Gecas, V. (1989). The Social Psychology of Self-Efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology. 15, pp. 291-316. Maibach, E. & Murphy, D.A. (1995). Self-efficacy in Health Promotion Research and Practice: Conceptualization and Measurement. Health Education Research, 10 (1), pp. 37-50. O’Leary, A. (1985). Self-efficacy and Health. Behavioral Research & Therapy, 23, 437-451. Rodgers, L. & Knafl, K.A. (1993). Concept Development in Nursing: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications. (pp.73-92). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. White, R.W. (1959). Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence. Psychological Review, 66 (5), pp. 297-331

Health Reform Essay

The American Medical Association (AMA) has been a supporter of the Affordable Care Act. This health reform has given coverage to over 30 million Americans (AMA). â€Å"We continue to support the health reform law as an important first step in covering the uninsured and transforming our health care system, and we are working hard to make improvements in the law for patients and physicians,† said Dr. Jeremy A. Lazarus, incoming president of the AMA (AMA). Physicians have asked why the AMA has supported the health care reform bill so early is the process. Dr. James Rohack, the president of the AMA, has stated â€Å"there are several sensible reasons for this strategy: †¢The original bill contained a core set of high-priority provisions that our organization has long supported; †¢Bill sponsors were not likely to maintain the $230+ billion investment in Medicare physician spending if we did not register support for the bill (hospitals, the home health sector, Medicare Ad vantage plans and pharmaceutical companies are all facing cuts in the tens and hundreds of billions of dollars); and †¢As early supporters, we are well positioned to help shape revisions to this bill, as well as the final legislation that will ultimately be presented to the President.† The AMA is working with Congress and Administrators to ensure the best outcome for patients and physicians. This reform has promised goals that the AMA is working on to make sure they are achieved. These goals are as stated by the House of Represantives, †¢Extending coverage to the uninsured †¢Making investments in the physician workforce †¢Providing long-term relief from Medicare’s flawed physician payment formula †¢Increasing the nation’s focus on preventive care and wellness initiatives †¢Simplifying administrative burdens for patients and physicians Although working to ensure these goals are met, this organization also has three other goals they are working to achieve. These goals are 1) Eliminate IPAB, 2) Replace SGR, and 3) Enact MLR. (AMA). The AMA is fighting to eliminate cuts to physicians and providers. They want to achieve a new system of payment. With this new system physicians can be rewarded for the care they provide. (AMA). Goal three has the AMA fighting to fix the liability system for patients and physicians. (AMA). In time, the Affordable Care Act bill will be worked out to where it will run smoothly. During this process the AMA will ensure that the legislative process will continue to better health care for Americans. References Rohack, J. (2009, July). AMA Comments On Health Care Reform Position. In Clinical & Practice management. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.acep.org The Affordable Care Act: An Important First Step. (2012). In Advocacy. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.ama-assn.org japsen, b. (2012, June 14). The AMA, A Key Backer of Obamacare, Looks to Reboot. Retrieved February 10, 2013, from www.forbes.com

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes My- or Myo-

The prefix myo- or my-Â  means muscle. It is used in a number of medical terms in reference to muscles or muscle-related disease. Words Beginning With (Myo- or My-) Myalgia (my-algia): The term myalgia means muscle pain. Myalgia may occur due to muscle injury, overuse, or inflammation. Myasthenia (my-asthenia): Myasthenia is a disorder that causes muscle weakness, typically of voluntary muscles in the face. Myoblast (myo-blast):Â  The embryonic cell layer of the mesoderm germ layer that develops into muscle tissue is called myoblast. Myocarditis (myo-card-itis): This condition is characterized by inflammation of the muscular middle layer (myocardium) of the wall of the heart. Myocardium (myo-cardium): The muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart. Myocele (myo-cele): A myocele is a protrusion of a muscle through its sheath. It is also called a muscle hernia. Myoclonus (myo-clonus): A brief involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group is known as myoclonus. These muscle spasms occur suddenly and randomly. A hiccup is an example of a myoclonus. Myocyte (myo-cyte): A myocyte is a cell that is found in muscle tissue. Myodystonia (myo-dystonia): Myodystonia is a muscle tone disorder. Myoelectric (myo-electric):Â  This terms refers to the electrical impulses that generate muscle contractions. Myofibril (myo-fibril): A myofibril is a long, thin muscle fiber thread. Myofilament (myo-fil-ament): A myofilament is a myofibril filament composed of actin or myosin proteins. It plays an important role in the regulation of muscle contractions. Myogenic (myo-genic): This term means originating in or arising from the muscles. Myogenesis (myo-genesis): Myogenesis is the formation of muscle tissue occurring in embryonic development. Myoglobin (myo-globin): Myoglobin is the oxygen-storing protein found in muscle cells. It is only found in the bloodstream following a muscle injury. Myogram (myo-gram): A myogram is a graphical recording of muscle activity. Myograph (myo-graph): The instrument for recording muscle activity is known as a myograph. Myoid (my-oid): This term means resembling muscle or muscle-like. Myolipoma (myo-lip-oma): This is a type of cancer that consists partly of muscle cells and mostly of adipose tissue. Myology (myo-logy): Myology is the study of muscles. Myolysis (myo-lysis): This term refers to the breakdown of muscle tissue. Myoma (my-oma): A benign cancer consisting primarily of muscle tissue is called a myoma. Myomere (myo-mere): A myomere is a section of skeletal muscle that is separated from other myomeres by layers of connective tissue. Myometrium (myo-metrium): Myometrium is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall. Myonecrosis (myo-necrosis): The death or destruction of muscle tissue is known as myonecrosis. Myorrhaphy (myo-rrhaphy): This term refers to the suture of muscle tissue. Myosin (myo-sin): Myosin is the primary contractile protein in muscle cells that enables muscle movement. Myositis (myos-itis): Myositis is muscle inflammation that causes swelling and pain. Myotome (myo-tome): A group of muscles connected by the same nerve root is called a myotome. Myotonia (myo-tonia): Myotonia is a condition in which the ability to relax a muscle is impaired. This neuromuscular condition may impact any muscle group. Myotomy (my-otomy): A myotomy is a surgical procedure that involves the cutting of a muscle. Myotoxin (myo-toxin): This is a type of toxin produced by venomous snakes that causes muscle cell death.